To setup a plant few machines, tools and materials are required. Below list provide details of all the machines, tools & materials required to setup a plant: Raw Material
Manual Punching Machine
Tikki Fitting Machine
Heat Sink Compound
Iron
Screws

LED plant is easy to setup. You can setup your own plant at home or in a separate small workspace. Space required to setup a plant is less than 50 sq. feet. Rest depends on machines and quantity you want to manufacture.

For importing LED ready products and raw material outside india you have to follow following procedure:

• Quotation : If you show interest in doing business with us, a quotation is prepared and approved.
• Transport Enquiry : Once approved we have to find a way to deliver your goods and materials.
• Bank Payment : You have to pay respective amount according to your order.
• Back Confirmation : We have to wait for payment verification from our bank.
• Production : Once payment is confirmed you order is processed.
• Delivery : All products and materials were loaded for delivery

Yes we'll provide goods on letter of credit but first we'll check your credentials for letter of credit.

Yes we provide goods without GST for Nepal but you have to fullfull all import / export term and conditions on your behalf.

All our LED lights and bulbs are energy saving that are designed to replace the fluorescent, incandescent bulbs, CFL, Metal halides, high pressure sodium and halogen lights in your office facility or business. They will reduce your energy consumption at least by 50% and as much as 80% depending on which lights you choose and lights we are replacing. With LEDs lasting up to 1,00,000 hours we can also reduce your maintenance on your lightning.

LEDs are comprised of three main components LED chip, driver, heat sink. LEDs take DC power from driver and create light. The heatsink captures heat from the LEDs and drivers LEDs also perform the job of converting electricity to light more efficiently than other light sources, that’s why we can replace 400 watt metal halide bulb with LED 100 watt solution.

There are many benefits here are list of some: An immediate reduction in your electricity bill. Less heat. LED bulbs last a very long time.(50,000-1,00,000 hours). They do not contain mercury. Highly recyclable.

You can expect of saving 50% when you convert fluorescent light to LED and 70% more than metal halide or high pressure sodium to LED.

No they do not contain any hazardous material.

The entrepreneur needs to obtain following registrations and license from govt.: Company registration. Trade licence from municipal authority, UDYOG AADHAR MSME REGISTRATION, BIS CERTIFICATION, NOC from pollution control board. GST registration.

Depending upon the manufacturing process what type of LED lights you are producing you will need to obtain all above registrations and licences from govt. authorities.

Laser diodes and organic LED.

The global LED lighting market size was valued at USD 54.00 billion in 2019 and is projected to expand at a CAGR of 10.8% over the forecast period. Growing stringency of regulations in terms of inefficient lighting technologies and rising government efforts toward sustainable development are the key growth drivers.

Drivers are first to fail, due to high voltage and high Current.

The following:
(1). research your competition.
(2). buy their product
(3). break their product down to chip level and find its source
(4). search Indian companies that can help you with the IC assembling
(5). once you understand your business model
(6). set up a small team of young people who want to learn and scale and grow
(7). find how low you can make it for and how well you can sell it for.

The semiconductor material is “grown” in a high temperature, high pressure chamber. Elements such as gallium, arsenic, and/or phosphor are purified and mixed together in the chamber, which then liquefies into a concentrated solution. Assemble in housing (LED + heat sink + driver).

Hard infrastructure refers to the physical networks necessary for the functioning of a modern industry. This includes roads, bridges, railways, etc. Soft infrastructure refers to all the institutions that maintain the economic, health, social, and cultural standards of a country.

1. 16101 : 2012 General Lighting - LEDs and LED modules – Terms and Definitions 2. 16102(Part 1) : 2012 Self- Ballasted LED Lamps for General Lighting Services Part 1 Safety Requirements 3 16102(Part 2) : 2012 Self-Ballasted LED Lamps for General Lighting Services Part 2 Performance Requirements 4 16103(Part 1) : 2012 Led Modules for General Lighting Part 1Safety Requirements 5. 16103(Part 2) : 2012 Led Modules for General Lighting Part 2 Performance Requirements 6 15885(Part2/Sec13): 2012 Safety of Lamp Control Gear Part 2 Particular Requirements Section 13 d.c. or a.c. Supplied Electronic Control gear for Led Modules and different for different Led Lights Products these are some examples.

Yes and No. First, not all LEDs are dimmable. The driver must be designed to allow dimming. Secondly, you must purchase the right type of dimmer. Most retail stores now carry dimmers specifically designed for LED bulbs. Please note, if you purchase a non-dimmable LED bulb and try to dim it, it will cause the bulb to fail and also void the warranty.

Heat. Heat is the enemy of electronics, the hotter it is, the shorter the light. However, with good design, you can create a light or fixture that can withstand some high heat environments. Typically a fixture or bulb with an external driver will last longer than an integrated fixture that has the LEDs and driver as one unit.

The color of light produced is dependent on the inorganic material used in the P-type and N-type semiconductors (organic material in the case of O-LED). Different inorganic materials in the semiconductor release different amounts of energy when the LED is connected to a power supply. The amount of energy released defines the color of the light produced. For example, red is a low energy light and blue is a high energy light.

Although the initial cost of conventional light sources is less than LEDs, the operational and maintenance costs of LED are significantly lower. LEDs, having a longer life, reduce maintenance and lamp replacement cost. . Because LEDs need to be replaced less frequently, the owner spends less on new lamps and the labor needed to change them. LEDs also consume less energy; thus the overall cost of a LED system can be significantly lower than that of conventional lighting systems. Most applications with LEDs offer a payback period as low as three to four years.

IP (Ingress protection) ratings or UL (Universal Laboratories) ratings are commonly used to determine LED product suitability for various harsh, underwater or outdoor applications.

LEDs are low voltage devices. Therefore, they require a device / Power supply unit / driver, or integrated electronics that convert line voltage to low voltage in order to run the LEDs. Sometimes The driver has electronics that can interpret control signals to dim LEDs.

The LED rating of a product is usually noted in milliamps, mA or volts, V. Products rated in mA can be used with a constant current driver, while those rated in volts can be run with a constant voltage driver. LEDs designed for constant current drivers cannot run with constant voltage drivers without damaging them.

This may occur if you are using the same product from the same brand, with the same optics and hardware. However, in general, the nature of the components (like the optical system, the heat sink, the LED chip, and the driver) affects the output more than the wattage does. A 3watt LED luminaire from one manufacturer will have a different output to a 3watt LED luminaire from another manufacturer, even if the same LED chip is used. Hence, using a high quality chip alone does not guarantee better performance. Note that as the wattage increases, the efficiency drops slightly. An LED driven at 3W will emit slightly less than three times the output of one driven at 1W.

Sometimes simply comparing the lumen output of LEDs and conventional light sources may not be adequate. The amount of light falling on a specific task area (the lux) gives a more realistic comparison. You should also consider the amount illumination visible on the walls. This helps identify applications where LEDs offer better solutions than other light sources.

Unlike incandescent light bulbs, LEDs don't produce light using heat. This is part of what makes them so energy efficient. The downside is that their components can be sensitive to overheating, which can cause them to burn out prematurely.

The AMA says that life-long exposure of the retina and lens to blue peaks from LEDs can increase the risk of cataract and age-related macular degeneration. Studies also reveal that light emitted by LEDs can cause retinal changes, if there is high exposure for even a short period of time.

LED Lights have not been found, in any studies, to cause cancer. The main cause of cancer in any light source seems to come from exposure to UV radiation and hazardous chemicals that may be found in incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs.

LEDs do not directly produce white light. There are two ways in which white light is produced from LEDs as below: Using a blue LED with a phosphor coating to convert blue light to white light by a process called fluorescence. Combining red, blue and green LEDs to produce white light. White light is produced by varying the intensities of the individual red, blue and green chips.

Yes

You need to know exactly what kind of LED you want to make. You can then price the component parts to see what it would take to create the product. You can check out manufacturing plants that might be willing to work with you to do limited runs of your product so you don’t have to invest in infrastructure at first. There are all kinds of creative ways to get a prototype created, test it and then determine exactly what it will cost to manufacture.

It depends upon individual’s investment but you’ll need to get all govt. licenses and registrations.

But most commonly, LED bulbs may flicker or dim in your home when there are voltage fluctuations in your home's wiring. When electrical loads turn on and off in your home, this creates a change in voltage levels, which may cause the LED lights to occasionally dim or flicker.

LEDs do not directly produce white light. There are two ways in which white light is produced from LEDs as below: Using a blue LED with a phosphor coating to convert blue light to white light by a process called fluorescence. Combining red, blue and green LEDs to produce white light. White light is produced by varying the intensities of the individual red, blue and green chips.

Assembly machine for LED. • High speed LED mounting machine. • LED chip SMD mounting machine. • LED lights assembly machine. • LED PCB assembly machine. • LED tube light assembly machine

Laser Diodes & Organic Led

Govt. Supports Led Industry by Make in India Program. Top 5 Government Loan Schemes for Small Businesses in India 1. MSME Business Loans in 59 Minutes. ... 2. MUDRA Loans. ... 3. Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises. ... 4. National Small Industries Corporation Subsidy. ... 5. Credit Link Capital Subsidy Scheme for Technology Upgradation.

Color temperature for light bulbs is measured on the Kelvin scale. LED Bulbs come in a variety of colors, but the most common are in a range from 2700 Kelvin to 7500 Kelvin. The unfortunate thing is that the only consistent measurement is the Kelvin scale, Many manufacturers like to use terms like Day White, Natural White, Warm White and Cool White, but there is not a standard that defines a Kelvin temperature to associate a color temperature with those terms. The warmer the light, the more yellow tones, the cooler the light, there are more blue tones. In this example, we have used terms to reflect what we believe to be the right relationship to Kelvin color temperatures. 2700 – 3200: Warm White 4000 – 4500: Natural White 5000 – 5500: Day White 6500 – 7500: Cool White It's important to note: at home we use Warm White bulbs, in the office we use Natural White and in the Warehouse we use Day White. We rarely use or even sell Cool White LEDs.

Yes. Some bulbs are designed with water-proof fittings. Others need to be kept in a water-tight fixture. Read all instructions and manuals before using a LED bulb outdoors. The specification you need to check for is IP Rating. A bulb or fixture IP65 or greater is considered acceptable to work in a wet environment.

Yes. They will fade as the bulb gets near the end of its normal operating life. But it is very gradual and hardly noticeable. This is called Lumen Degradation and is denoted on the website as L70. L70 is the amount of time the light takes to get to 70% of the initial lumen output.

There is a lot that goes into answering this question. DesignLights Consortium has indicated in their specifications that you need at least 10,000 lumens to replace a 400W Metal Halide. Some other factors come into play, like surface reflectiion, obstructions and other source of light, such as natural light sources coming into the building. We replace indoor Metal Halide with 15,000 to 21,000 lumens of LED. We replace outdoor Metal Halide with 12,000 to 21,000 lumens of LED.

There are several steps, but essentially this is no more difficult than a bulb and ballast replacement. 1. Remove the fluorescent tubes, and then remove the ballast. 2. Replace the existing tombstones (only if necessary). This step may be required with single ended powered tubes if you have shunted tombstones. 3. Rewire the fixture to accommodate the LED replacement tubes. Note: there are also ballast compatible tubes that allow you to convert to LED by simply removing the old fluorescent tube and replacing it with the LED replacement tube. • within the internal LED driver to light the LED’s. There are some tubes that can be driven from the fluorescent ballast, but we do not supply those tubes as we see fluorescent ballasts as a maintenance item. Ballasts consume about 4+ watts per fluorescent tube installed, so leaving the ballast in place reduces the energy savings as well. • We also can supply LED externally driven tubes. With these tubes, the driver is externally housed outside the tube, and is usually installed where the fluorescent ballast was located. External drivers act the same way as internal drivers; they accept AC power, convert it to DC which is supplied to the LEDs in the tube. • In the case where you have a native DC system (such as solar systems) you are best to look for externally driven tubes and forgo the installation of the driver. You will have to make sure the DC power that is supplied to the fixture is compatible with the DC power requirement of the tubes.

Always buy based on lumens, watts is a number that is used to determine how much energy it takes to produce those lumens. It is important to pay attention to lumens per watt, or lm/w. The higher the number, the less energy you will need to produce the light. You will notice that some lights take less energy to produce the same amount of light, and this is something you should watch for. Typically, the higher the ratio, the better.

Almost always, it is the driver. That is why it is important to know who makes the driver in the LED fixture or retrofit you purchase. Brand names like Mean well, Inventronics and Philips are great. A LED product with a 1 or 2 year warranty is an indication of how good the driver or product is. Typically a good driver should last more than 50,000 hours.

CRI is Color Rendering Index. It is a measurement of the quality of light. Where as lumens is a measurement of the quantity of light, CRI is the measurement of quality. It is a scale between 0 and 100. 0 is bad, 100 is great. LED’s typically are in the 70-95 range. The higher the CRI, the more expensive the LED chip, and therefore the more expensive the product itself.

LEDs are light emitting diodes. These are electronic components that convert electrical energy directly to light through the movement of electrons within the material of the diode. LEDs are important because due to their efficiency and low energy, they are beginning to replace most conventional light sources.

The term solid state lighting is used because the electronics produce light directly from solid materials in which the electrons are embedded. This is unlike other technologies, for example fluorescent technology, which requires a gaseous discharge medium to initiate production of light.

LED technology is constantly changing. Rapid innovation continues to improve the performance of LED on an almost daily basis. Future-proofing of LED modules allows luminaries manufacturers to switch from one generation to the next improved generation without major retooling or changes in luminaries design, offering backward compatibility with drivers.

LED chips are mass produced in millions and there are inevitably slight differences in color appearance and light output. Binning is way of sorting the chips so that all the LEDs from one particular bin look the same and have similar light output.

A light engine is the LED equivalent of a conventional lamp. It normally consists of a LED chip mounted on a circuit board that has electrical and mechanical fixings, meaning it is ready to be fixed in the luminaire. Note that the light engine may not consist of only one chip; it may be an array of 9 or 16, sometimes with a phosphor coating.

LEDs have no gases, filaments and no moving parts to fatigue. They provide light through a one-step process that takes place within the diode. There is no glass to break or screwed contacts to loosen.

Some of the strategies for reducing the cost of LEDs in the future are: • Reduction in the production process. • Simplification and reduction in the number of components. • Introduction of new materials.

Here are some of the aspects that need to be taken into consideration: when • Luminaire spacing and layout. • Ways to prevent a view of the light source and minimize glare. • Ventilation/cooling of LEDs • Wiring access • Access to LEDs in case of maintenance or replacement. • Location of driver, if not integrated in luminaire. • Switching / dimming capabilities, or control type and location.

ANSI (American National Standard Institute) - Establishes definitions of solid state lighting devices and components. It also provides a common terminology. • IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America) - Provides procedures for reproducible measurements of photometry, color and electrical characteristics of solid state lighting products. • UL (UnderwritersLaboratories) - Writes safety standards for LED products including drivers, controllers, arrays, packages and modules. • NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) - makes recommendations for mechanical, thermal and electrical interfaces between luminaires.

IP (Ingress protection) ratings or UL (Universal Laboratories) ratings are commonly used to determine LED product suitability for various harsh, underwater or outdoor applications.

In Europe, every light fitting must have a CE label. This tells you that the seller claims that the fitting conforms to all the relevant European safety standards. The most important of these is EN 60598 which covers electrical, thermal and mechanical safety.

The maximum permissible distance is dependent on the LED load, the conductor size, and the driver used. There is little practical limit on the distance between the driver and LED if you are using a constant current driver because it increases the output voltage to overcome any volt drop caused by the cable length. The distance between the LED and the driver is more important for constant voltage drivers where there is a voltage drop due to the load and length of cable.

LEDs are inherently low voltage devices and require drivers. However, many LED products in the market come with built-in drivers and hence can be directly connected to the mains voltage.

The thermal management of the LEDs. If LEDs come on a standalone chip, appropriate heat sinks have to be designed to prevent premature failure of LEDs. The electrical stress: Running LEDs at currents higher than specified make the LED run hot. This can happen with wrongly matched drivers. For example, if the driver produces 700mA but the LED needs 350mA, this will put stress on LED and reduce its lifespan. Higher ambient temperatures than the ones that the LED is rated for will reduce its expected life.

Many LEDs have a rated life of up to 50,000 hours. This is approximately 50 times longer than a typical incandescent, 20-25 times longer than a typical halogen, and 8-10 times longer than a typical CFL. Used 12 hours a day, a 50,000 bulb will last more than 11 years. Used 8 hours a day, it will last 17 years!

Making the Switch to LEDs Is Easier Than You Think To get the benefits of LED without replacing all your existing fixtures, all you need to do is replace all your incandescent screw-in light bulbs with screw-in LED bulb.

between 35,000 and 50,000 hours Typically, LED bulbs can last between 35,000 and 50,000 hours. This is over 17x more than the lifespan of an incandescent bulb! Furthermore, since LEDs do not contain a filament, they do not burn out in the same way as incandescent bulbs.

To put it simply, well-manufactured LED lights are extremely long-lasting and can be left on 24 hours, 7 days a week. This is because, unlike conventional types of light, LEDs produce minimal amounts of heat, which means they are unlikely to overheat or set on fire.

13.7 yrs LED Life Expectancy. LEDs have a general life expectancy of 50 000 hrs. If you use your lights for 10 hours a day, this should be 13.7 yrs. If this is correct, then LED's are definitely an investment, even the top of the range bulb would work out to cost £2.55 per year.

50,000 hours is over 5 years.

You should leave the lights on because it takes more energy to turn them back on than you'll save by turning them off.

Why You Can't Use Certain LED Bulbs in Enclosed Fixtures. Heat is the enemy of LED light bulbs. ... Enclosed fixtures that don't allow for proper ventilation can drastically affect the temperature of the LED bulb, causing it to overheat and shortening the lifespan of the bulb.

Can I replace my incandescent or halogen bulbs with LED bulbs? Yes, in many cases, you can simply replace your bulbs separately, one by one. ... Furthermore, LEDs can handle all hues of white light, so the warm yellowish light of halogen bulbs is perfectly within reach!

As a general rule, dimming LEDs will extend their lifespan, generally meaning you'll extend their brightness since LEDs tend to get dimmer with age as a result of heat. Dimming effectively reduced the heat, ergo the lifespan is extended.

Risks and side effects Since LEDs don't contain UV rays, this is considered a safer form of light therapy that won't cause long-term damage to your skin. The procedure is also noninvasive and has few risks. Your provider may recommend LED light therapy if you have darker or sensitive skin.

So if you want to avoid light having a strong effect on your body clock, dim and blue would be the way to go." Conversely, bright white or yellow light was better for staying awake and alert.

Short answer is because human eyes don't respond well to the color red, so it's a very poor color choice for illumination purposes. Longer answer is the whole idea of having lights at night is to be able to see things at night. Human eyes are more sensitive to green and yellow, less sensitive to blue and red.

You probably know that LED bulbs run dramatically cooler than their incandescent cousins, but that doesn't mean they don't produce heat. LED bulbs do get hot, but the heat is pulled away by a heat sink in the base of the bulb.

Unless an actual component in the LED fails, they will provide light “forever.” While LEDs do not burn out like fluorescent lamps and other bulbs they will, however, degrade and dim over time. ... This is over 20 times longer than an incandescent bulb and 5 times longer than most Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL).

LED light can damage eyes, health authority warns. The "blue light" in LED lighting can damage the eye's retina and disturb natural sleep rhythms, France's government-run health watchdog said this week. ... LED uses only a fifth of the electricity needed for an incandescent bulb of comparable brightness.

The operating life of a light emitting diode (LED) is unaffected by turning it on and off. While lifetime is reduced for fluorescent lamps the more often they are switched on and off, there is no negative effect on LED lifetime.

12W LED bulb is equivalent to a 100W incandescent. incandescent bulb but only generate about 400 Lumens. tungsten bulb must have a minimum light output of 700 - 750 lumens.

20w LED floodlights are equivalent to 200w halogen floodlights with an increased lumen output of 1,800.

Discover simple ways to extend the lifespan of LED lighting at home and at work. 1. Control the Use of LED Lights. With so many hours on an LED bulb, why should you control the usage? ... 2. Cool Lighting. Traditional bulbs get hot after hours of use. ... 3. On and Off. ... 4. Motion Sensor Lighting. ... 5. Timed Lighting.

A typical LED light bulb will save you between $3-$5 per year compared to an incandescent bulb. Whilst this may not sound like a considerable amount, when you multiply this over the 20-40 lights bulbs typically found in an American home, you can potentially save $100 per year on your electricity.

GST Rate & HSN Code for Furniture, Bedding & Lightings HSN Code Description Rate (%) 9405 LED lights or fixtures including LED lamps 18 9405 LED (light emitting diode) driver and MCPCB (Metal Core Printed Circuit Board) 18

These bulbs are best suited for kitchens and bathrooms. Bright white (4,000 to 5,000 Kelvin) is between white and blue tones. With a less cozy and more energetic feel, bulbs with this color range are best for work spaces (such as a home office or garage) and kitchens with chrome fixtures.

If you want a modern, clean look, you may prefer the cleaner, brighter feel of a cool white lamp (4000K+). Cool white light contains more blue light and looks brighter to the eye (this is why cool white bulbs have a higher lumen output when compared to the equivalent warm white bulb).

Traditional incandescent light bulbs cannot be repaired at all, while in LED bulbs you can repair almost everything. You just need to find the malfunction, make some repair and prolong your light bulb lifetime. ... LEDs emit light only if you use DC current.

LED ceiling light does not work You should first check whether the fuse for this circuit has tripped. If the ceiling light has already worked before, the lamp may be broken. Then you should check whether the light sources are replaceable. In this case you can replace the bulb with a new LED bulb with a suitable socket.

Tunable white LEDs are light engines that combine individual chips to produce a range of CCT from warm white and cool white.

The color of light produced is dependent on the inorganic material used in the P-type and N-type semiconductors (organic material in the case of O-LED). Different inorganic materials in the semiconductor release different amounts of energy when the LED is connected to a power supply. The amount of energy released defines the color of the light produced. For example, red is a low energy light and blue is a high energy light.

LEDs emit a very narrow spectrum of light. The type of material used in the semiconductor permits only a specific wavelength of light (one color) to be emitted when electrons cross the junction.

RGB LED means red, blue and green LEDs. RGB LED products combine these three colors to produce over 16 million hues of light. Note that not all colors are possible. Some colors are “outside” the triangle formed by the RGB LEDs. Also, pigment colors such as brown or pink are difficult, or impossible, to achieve.

The following are the different types of RGB LEDs: • R/G/B/W - Has an additional white LED. This is often used where you need a pure white as well other combined colors. • RGB / 3 in 1 LED - Uses a red, a blue and a green LED chip are mounted within a common light engine and focused through a lens to produce a more uniform hue across the beam of light. • RGBW / 4 in 1 LED - similar to the RGB LED but with a warm white LED integrated in the light engine to offer more color tones. • RGBA - Has an additional amber LED chip.

This is a phosphor - converted Amber LED. Amber uses special phosphors in combination with royal blue LED chips.

These are chemical symbols used for materials used in the manufacturing process of the LEDs to generate specific colors. AlGaAs - Aluminium Gallium Arsenide used to generate red and amber portions of the visible spectrum. AlInGap - preferred chip technology using Aluminium, Indium, Gallium and phosphorous to produce red, orange and amber colors. InGaN - Indium, Gallium and Nitrogen to produce green, blue and white colors.

Color temperature defines the color appearance of a white LED. CCT is defined in degrees Kelvin; a warm light is around 2700K, moving to neutral white at around 4000K, and to cool white, at 5000K or more. Note that CCT does not tell you anything about the color rendering ability of the LED.

The thickness of the phosphor layer and the wavelength of the blue chip influence the color temperature of the LED.

Color Rendering Index - CRI indicates the accuracy with which a light source such as an LED can reveal the various colors of an object. The standard CRI system is based on eight colors across the spectrum. • Additional R-values of CRI are used to represent certain colors. The appropriate R-values are application specific. For example R9 represents red and is good for lighting flesh. It also tends to make the light warmer. • Color Quality Scale CQS is a new system that uses a wider palette of 15 reference colors against the smaller palette of 8 reference colors used for the CRI system.

CR-9 represents red tones, which are prevalent in skin tones, clothes, vegetable and meat. For make-up rooms, supermarket and grocery meat and vegetable counters, if the same visual freshness as seen with halogens and incandescent lights sources is required, looking into R-9 values of LEDs is a must. Usually, gallery owners and artists will easily note the difference in effect when red tones are prevalent in the art work.

SPD is the Spectral Power Distribution of a light source. The visible white light that we see is made up of a spectrum of various colors of light, ranging from wavelengths of 380nm (violet) to 760nm (red). The SPD is a graph that shows the power (strength) of each wavelength of light produced by a particular light source.

This is an elliptical region on the CIE chromaticity diagram that contains all the colors that are indistinguishable to the average human eye, from the color at the center of the ellipse. Adjacent ellipses are “just distinguishable” in terms of color. This system is used to refine the binning process of LED colors. Slight color differences in the appearance of LEDlight are measured in MacAdam ellipses or steps.

LEDs are standardized for consistency in color and performance through a process called binning, and they are classified further in the MacAdam steps. During the manufacturing process LEDs are allocated to specific 'bin' numbers based on tests conducted to determine their color, lumen output and forward voltage. LEDs from each bin are further classified in a 7-step MacAdam ellipse.

Apart from CRI, R-values and CQS, color consistency is also a measure of the quality of light. The color consistency can be evaluated at several levels as follows: • Consistency over time: Color shifts over the life time of LEDs. • Consistency between different products and batches: Color tone variations from batch to batch. • Consistency across the beam of light: Color shift across the beam of the LEDs. • Consistency between color specification in the datasheet and that seen when the LED is used.

The white LEDs are made of phosphor coated blue LED chip. The degradation of the phosphor layer over time causes the bluish tone of the light emitted. This degradation is most likely to be caused by the chip running too hot. Remote phosphor technology overcomes this issue.

There are several possible reasons why this happens: • The LEDs are being overrun by the use of an inappropriate driver. • The application temperature is different from the operating temperature noted in the LED datasheet. • There may be heat build-up due to improper thermal management. • The phosphor may have degraded due to overheating or other reasons.

Zigbee is a technology developed by a global alliance of companies to create wireless solutions for energy management. These solutions which include a new open standard fo LED lighting controls. More about wireless lighting controls can be found in the following link: https://www.philipslightingcontrols.com/assets/cms/uploads/files/osw/MK_OSWNET BROC_5.pdf

O-LEDs are organic light emitting diodes. They are made of carbon based films sandwiched between two electrodes; one is a metallic cathode and one is a transparent anode, which is usually transparent glass.